Chocolate Is Not a Superfood (but It's Still Super)

We've heard the claims before, and now that it's February, they're back: Chocolate is full of antioxidants. Its many health benefits are proven. It's really good for you, right? Not quite. Let's take a closer look.

"Superfood" Is a Marketing Buzzword, Not a Nutritional Term

Nutritionally, "superfood" is not a meaningful term. Marketers and media like to drum up excitement about a food by spotlighting a nutrient or two, and then slapping on the "superfood" label. As Mother Jones reports, the food industry rides boom-and-bust cycles driven by health benefits, because otherwise selling food would be an economically boring endeavor: 300 million people need 300 million people's worth of food, every year. Yawn.

Studies have only ever shown small effects on health, specifically from cocoa extracts or sometimes dark chocolate, but marketers use those results to sell milk chocolate and products like smoothie mix, snacks, and really expensive candy. Health claims make us eat more of a product, and perceive it as healthier in ways that go beyond the package label. Researchers call this effect a health halo.

In Europe, the word "superfood" can't appear on labels unless it's backed up by some kind of scientific evidence. There's no such rule in the US.

Where the Chocolate Studies Come From

Guess who funds a lot of studies on the health benefits of cocoa? Nestle. Mars. The research arm of the Chocolate Manufacturers Association of America. Now, the source of funding doesn't guarantee that the results will be wrong or biased, especially if the researchers work for a university. One researcher in a different area, genetically modified crops, said at a conference I attended: "Industry funding doesn't bias the results, but it does buy the question."

So that explains why there's so much focus on chocolate, year in and year out, when it's hardly the only source of antioxidants in our diet.

There's a reason why you're reading about chocolate now. Interest in the health benefits of chocolate tends to peak around February each year. Valentine's Day is a convenient news peg, and companies would love to make you think about eating chocolate this time of year. You'd see chocolate in the stores anyway and consider the impulse buy, but you've just been reminded that chocolate is good for you. So it's not even an indulgence, right? It's practically a health food.

What Does the Research Actually Say?

There are so many studies on chocolate and cocoa that I can't possibly cover all the claims, but let's take care of some of the biggies.

• Chocolate does have a lot of antioxidants. As measured in vitro (think test tubes, not human beings), dark chocolate has an oxygen radical absorbence capacity, or ORAC value, of 20,816. That puts it just above raspberries, pecans, and ginger but below sorghum, acai, rose hips, and a variety of spices. The only problem? The USDA stopped publishing ORAC tables in 2012 because ORAC values don't correlate with biological activity. They're meaningless trivia.
• Is cocoa good for your heart? Yes, sort of. A Cochrane summary reports that cocoa products (including normal sized pieces of dark chocolate, in some studies) can reduce blood pressure by two to three points. None of the randomized controlled trials were long-term, and none measured the effects of cocoa products on important outcomes like heart attacks or mortality. But a couple points of blood pressure is better than nothing, right?
• All the other claims...eh. There's no consensus of good quality evidence to support the idea that chocolate will help you lose weight, improve athletic performance, beat depression, or achieve other widely-hyped benefits. Yes, there are individual studies showing promise for this or that ailment. People who only skim this post will share them in the comments as some kind of ill-informed rebuttal. (Come on, prove me wrong here!) Is it possible that future studies will confirm these preliminary findings? Perhaps. Check back later when more research has been done.

To further disillusion you, I have to point out something sad about many of these studies: they don't always involve real chocolate.

One doctor who oversaw a trial of cocoa antioxidants on memory told CBC News, in their own excellent chocolate mythbusting episode:

"[The high-flavonol substance used in our study] is not chocolate. It is derived from cocoa beans so I can understand the confusion. Chocolate per se might have a little bit of these cocoa flavonols but at very minuscule amounts. So as a physician I'm a little worried about the headlines that say, 'Eat chocolate.' I am not suggesting that."

Buried in articles about health benefits of chocolate are often words like "cocoa" or "cacao" or "extract." These are clues that the substance tested was not actually chocolate in bar form, but a purified version that's not necessarily available for purchase.

What Kind of Chocolate Should You Eat For Health Benefits?

This is where, in most articles, comes the disclaimer not to eat a lot of chocolate because it's full of fat and sugar. I'll skip that. It's delicious, so I say eat all the chocolate you want. (Go ahead, I'll wait.) You ate it because it was good, right? Not because you think it's going to make you super healthy.

Let's say you do want to take advantage of the health benefits. Maybe you're trying to lower your blood pressure by two points, or maybe you're hedging your bets for the day they announce that chocolate really is a magic bullet for weight loss. Which chocolate is best?

Technically, minimally-processed cocoa powder has the most antioxidants. But recommendations to use cocoa powder instead of chocolate kind of ignore the fact that nobody eats straight spoonfuls of cocoa powder. If you're making it into a muffin, say, or a bowl of sweetened oatmeal, then we're not really comparing dark chocolate with cocoa powder, are we? We're comparing dark chocolate to chocolate-flavored muffins and chocolate-flavored oatmeal. One WebMD article on the health benefits of chocolate includes a recipe for chocolate raspberry pound cake.

By the time cocoa has been turned into chocolate bars, it's lost a lot of its flavonol content (a family of antioxidants that research has often focused on). So, as the researcher above described to the news program, the amount of possibly-beneficial chemicals in bars of chocolate has been reduced to almost nothing. Still, some of the blood pressure studies did show a real-world benefit from dark chocolate.

In the lab, at least, antioxidant content of chocolate correlates with cocoa percentage. The US FDA requires at least 35% cocoa content for a chocolate to be called dark. Fancy chocolate brands often label the cocoa content. At my supermarket, I found Green & Black's to contain 70% cocoa (60% for the flavored bars), Lindt in 70% and 85%, and a Ghirardelli "midnight reverie" at 86%. Hershey's Special Dark is a mere 45% cocoa.

Compared to milk chocolate, dark chocolate has less sugar, more fat, and more fiber. Switching from Green & Black's milk chocolate (fairly high already, at 34%) to its 70% dark will take you from 13 to 17 grams of fat, and 19 to 11 grams of sugar.

Bottom Line: Is Chocolate Good For You?

It depends why you're eating it. If you're concerned about your blood pressure, and you're doing everything you can to manage it through diet and exercise but just want a little extra oomph to that effort, sure, have a square a day and see if it helps.

If you're trying to stay slim and healthy in a vague sense, or improve your memory or athletic performance or happiness or skin health, chocolate won't really help.

If you're using the health halo to justify stuffing yourself with chocolate, then the superfood label becomes harmful rather than helpful.

But you know what? You don't need anyone's permission to enjoy chocolate (or anything else, for that matter.) It's okay to decide you're going to eat chocolate because it's delicious, and plan that into your diet (or consider it a misstep and recover gracefully). You don't need to pretend that it's healthy. Just eat it.

Photos by Martin Cooper, Mike Mozart, Jim Bauer, US Navy, Clint Budd.

lifehacker